In the 18th century a first synagogue was built, about which nothing else is known. It had become too small around 1840, so a new one was built in 1844/45, which was consecrated on September 19, 1845. In 1879 a part of the building was destroyed by fire. However, it was not necessary to renew the whole building and the synagogue was consecrated again on August 20, 1880. In the meantime, people prayed in a rented room. In 1904 and 1907 the synagogue was modernized, in the latter year electric lighting was introduced. In 1922 the community renewed the synagogue roof.

In 1836 a local public Jewish school was founded, for which a schoolhouse was built in 1841/42 on the lower moat. In this also a Mikwe was built in.

The Jewish cemetery could be established by the Jewish community Barchfeld already in 1686. At that time, the landgravine Hedwig Sophie von Hessen gave her patron Jews a piece of land for a burial ground at the "Fischertor" located near the village. In 1714 the cemetery was extended for the first time. The Jews had to pay an annual fee of 2 talers as a hereditary lease. In addition, the burial fee for adults was 1 thaler 12 groschen, for children half the price. In 1741 the cemetery was fenced in. A second time the cemetery was enlarged in 1786 by a "sixteenth acre", a third time in 1803.

Also a Jüdischer cemetery was present, which lay on the „Jüdenhügel". The way to the Jüdischen cemetery led according to the Überlieferung through the „Klagetor" named accordingly.

In the Middle Ages there was a synagogue on the property Judengasse 4 (probably today's Jüdengasse). It is not preserved.

The merchant Leo Klippstein (Erfurter Straße 8) emigrated to Belgium with his wife and daughter after 1936. After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht in Belgium, the daughter Ursel was hidden in a convent; the parents were deported in 1943, but managed to survive.

The cemetery is located in the Napptal, north of the town; it can be reached via the B 85 in the direction of Kelbra, Kyffhäuserdenkmal. About 1 km outside the town branches off an access road with the inscription "Gasthaus Sennhütte". Directly opposite the inn is the Jewish cemetery. 

In Frankenhausen Jews lived already in the 14th century (first mentioned in 1303). The Jews in Frankenhausen were also affected by the persecutions in the plague period (1349). The Jewish settlement was near the upper church in the upper town. Here was the still at the beginning of the 19th century called "Judengasse", which is believed to be today's Oberkirchgasse.